Why I Shouldn't Like You..

As an English Brit, I was brought up with many concepts of others, some of which dated back centuries. Let me tell you now that I do NOT discriminate at all. What I was taught, and what I have learned are two very different animals.

'Never trust the Welsh' came from a diary written by Bishop Gerault of Monmouth, who toured Wales recruiting for the Holy Wars way back in history. He had little good to say about them other than they were savages who could fight well.

The truth is that Welsh people are an ok bunch, and fiercely proud of being Welsh. I have never had a problem with them, so why the continued discrimination?

Scots came in for the same kind of bad press, the Romans having built a wall to stop the savages from roaming south. It didn't stop the English enlisting the help of Lowland Scots in the defeat and massacre of the Highland Scots at Culloden Moor, 1746.

Scotland has produced more than its fair share of very smart people, writers, inventors etc, and one has to admire anybody who can write and invent or have enough imagination in a country as wet and grey as Scotland can be. Like the Welsh, they are fiercely proud of their nation and rightly so. The Scots I know personally are great people, so why the continued discrimination?

Not all Scots and Welsh people are amenable to the English, and they have good reason in my opinion. I took the time to find out for myself what these people were really like, because I couldn't understand the inbuilt dislike that so many English showed. After all, I had a Welsh mother and Scottish grandfather, and they were ok..

Nations across the sea also had honourable mentions.

The French had been traditional enemies for centuries, despite the fact that England owed more to the Normans than anybody else. But the Normans weren't really Gallic at all. They were actually Norsemen who had taken up living in North France. The worst is that the French eat frogs, snails and cheese which smells like old socks, and didn't have proper toilets for the longest time.

Well, hello!! How much worse can frogs, snails and 'old sock' cheese be when compared to Black Pudding and well matured Stilton cheese? Proper toilets didn't see the light of day for a while in England either unless one was 'bloody well off'!! It was a trip out to the end of the back yard in all weather for most Brits, and what was concealed in many a 'backhouse' could not be considered a proper toilet regardless of how far one's imagination stretched.

Germans were and still are a dour bunch who eat Sauerkraut and weird sausages with a very tough skin. They strut around like they own the place and start wars.

Whoa up. That's the Queens family heritage you are talking about. They weren't always called the Windsor's, ya know!! The Brits have strutted every continent on the face of the planet in a style which indicated to natives that they now owned the place. Brits may not have started every war, but they made sure that they had top billing in as many as they could. And anybody who has sampled a great British pickled onion will know the true meaning of sour.

The Spanish eat greasy food, ugly fish and everything tastes of garlic.

This is what comes of the sister of King Philip II of Spain annoying Henry VIII, and the unwillingness of the Spanish to hand over Aztec and Inca gold on demand to the pet pirates employed by Elizabeth I of England. Regarding greasy food, the Brits are champions coming in at first place with the Great British fry up and 'fish and chips', over which one smothers 'red' or 'brown' sauce (tomato ketchup and/or spiced sauce).

Italians can't control their emotions and spend their leisure time picking pockets and offering 'protection' to small business.

Were it not for 'Italians', we would still be living in caves, washing in cold water, and would have no idea what to do with ice cream and a Cadbury Flake. Italy is just brimming with culture, and they have a flair for life that wet and dreary Brits couldn't muster if their lives depended upon it. What is more, Sicilians are not Italian, and it is a brave, 'wannabe dead' Brit who pushes the point. We are just plain jealous. 

As for the rest of you, you must have been too far away or just plain boring to even deserve a mention, but I have heard of fairly gross behaviour by a good many of you. Well, at least we have something in common, and when we finally meet, there will be much to talk over.

Black Pudding? You can use any farmyard animal blood almost, and what you do is add filler like meat, fat, barley, whatever with the blood and you cook it until it is in a state where it can congeal when cooled. Nice, eh!! Want some?

Public Roads?

'Public' roads were not 'invented' for the public. They were not painstakingly funded and constructed by governments such that you or I could easily transport our chickens to market, or make it easier for us to paddle in the sea for a week.

The picture to the right is of a Roman road in Britain. It is now locally known as Blackstone Edge. The Romans would not have quarried the stone or laid any of it, but they would most certainly have overseen construction. They would not have used slave labour either. That would have been far too dangerous. The Romans left Britain around AD 43, and this road is a tribute to their knowledge and ability. You have to wonder how they cajoled the locals into doing this work.

For the public good? Maybe so, but it also enabled them to move troops around quickly if some of the population ever became restless. Unfortunately for the Romans, roads were not enough, resourceful Brits removing the cobbles to use as building materials for small domiciles, hence the lack of Roman roads remaining. They did the same to Hadrian's Wall, it being more important to keep warm in winter than stop marauding bands of Scots as the Romans had endeavoured to do.

The technology was not completely lost, and the Brits re-introduced cobbles later in their history. Cobbles, as pretty as they look are not ideal for road construction, being difficult to walk over in anything but dry conditions for humans and horses.

The breakthrough for transporting heavy stuff and men came with canals. The Industrial Revolution made possible chattels of war made from iron and steel, and the only way these things were ever going to be transported around the land was by using man made rivers, better known as canals. Yes, I know that commercial goods were the main loads carried, but make no mistake here. The primary use would have been to move military stuff.

Canals would have lasted longer had it not been for the adaptation of horse drawn, wooden railroads, to iron rails and the iron horse. However, both means of transport had a major drawback: the incline. Canals needed 'slow to operate' locks to get over obstacles, and railroads were dogged with iron to iron contact between wheel and rail, not good in wet or icy conditions, requiring the construction of cuttings and tunnels in a bid to get over the lack of climbing ability.

The invention of rubber tires, the steam/internal combustion engine and tarmac changed everything. They gave governments what they needed most, a reliable and easy way to move the military around while convincing the people to build them in the belief that it was for all good reasons like moving produce from one place to another.

Germany is a prime example of this. Hitler commissioned the 'Autobahn' system primarily to facilitate the movement of the military. Constructed in the 1930's, much of the system was so well laid down that it didn't need repairing for decades. This is in stark contrast to highways built in Britain during the 1960's and since, which have required constant repairs, sometimes only weeks after opening.

In fairness, roads in Europe and North America have been used more for commercial good than anything else, and we can be excused for forgetting the original purpose. So, what do you make of the picture below? It is a highway in a country where private vehicle ownership is virtually non-existent, where the movement of commercial goods is virtually non-existent by virtue of the fact that most of the people can't afford anything.

Remove the two vehicles and the cyclist, and what you are looking at here is a temporary airstrip or a road designed for moving either very large vehicles or masses of smaller ones packed with 'military'.

This is a highway near Pyongyang, North Korea. Imagine spending so much on a road which the public do not use. What were they thinking? Maybe something along the same lines as the Romans, almost 2000 years ago?

It Has Been Done Before..

First flown in 1929, the British airship R101 crashed in bad weather over France on the morning of October 5th 1930, killing 54 people. At the time, it was the largest aircraft in the world at 777 feet. Its sister ship, R100, was decommissioned a year later.

The lift gas was Hydrogen, lighter than air but a little volatile to say the least.

The hangar where these two airships were built still stands at Cardington, England.

Did aviators learn from this disaster? No, they did not. The Hindenburg, 808 feet in length and only shorter than the SS Titanic by 78 feet, was started in 1931, but due to financial problems was halted and not resumed until 1935. May 3rd1937 saw the Hindenburg burst into flames, 36 people losing their lives. It too was filled with Hydrogen, but only because Germany was not allowed Helium by the United States, the only source at the time. It remains today the largest aircraft to ever fly.

It was at this point where it appeared to dawn on the world at large that maybe airships were not the way to travel. Aviators did learn this time, but the dream stayed alive.

No piece on airships would be complete without mention of the Goodyear Blimp. There have actually been 300 made since the very first in 1911. The current fleet are roughly 192 feet long, and are used as advertising and photography platforms. They are Helium filled and there has only been one crash, I think.

So, have airships finally found their vocation? Is the dream of a large luxurious airship gone forever? No, it hasn't.

The picture below is an artist impression of the next generation 'lighter than air' aircraft. The general idea is that it will enable 250 people to drift around in consummate luxury, much like R101 and Hindenburg attempted to do years ago. The questions are these. Even though the airship will be Helium filled, would you really want to drift around in an airship larger than most International airport buildings? Would you feel safe watching this thing pass over your house? This is Thunderbird 2 on steroids, a floating 'Canary Wharf'...

60 Years Later..

First drawn as a sketch in 1947 by a Dutch auto dealer, it appeared as a panel van and bus in 1950, and as a camper in 1951. Utilizing the same engine and running parts as the 'Beetle', it was never going to be a racer, managing only 62 mph (100km/hr) in ideal conditions, but it was fuel efficient, incredibly tough, and very versatile.

Like the Beetle and Mini, it has remained almost timeless in its original design despite the fact that it has been around for many years.

This is the ubiquitous, world famous Volkswagen T2.

Switzerland..

.. die Schweiz, la Suisse, Svizzera, actually Confœderatio Helvetica, hence its country code 'CH'. During winter, it is a land of high snow capped peaks and waterfalls frozen in time. Summer sees the lower reaches green, covered in small alpine flowers, the breeze carrying the sound of cow bells. Chalets of all sizes, their balconies festooned with bright flowers, perch on the slopes. It is a remarkably beautiful country. To the right is a picture of a chalet and train on the Jungfrau in winter.

Already visited by many who like to ski, the Swiss Government is eager to draw more tourists, preferably the extremely well off. Architects are being called in to give the Swiss Alps resorts a face lift. The picture to the left is a design said to give the impression of illuminated trees, something I would imagine the surrounding lights do well all by themselves. This example owes less to skiing and more to a 'feel good' health spa of the 'exclusive' kind.

If You Don't Do Heights Well....

Look away NOW!!

Yes, that really is cloud under the deck of the Millau Road Bridge. It is not the tallest bridge in the world, but it is the tallest vehicular bridge, the deck being 803 feet above ground at the second pylon beyond Clermont-Ferrand. It cuts around 61kms off the journey between Clermont-Ferrand and Pézenas, and saves awful congestion in the small town of Millau, all three French towns being en route to the French Riviera and Spain, popular with Parisiens and the Brits during July-August.

Not quite as tall now, but I still don't feel even slightly envious. This is a shot taken looking for'ard of the Tall Ship 'Europa' while she was visiting the Halifax Tall Ship festival, 2007. The crew are demonstrating where not to be in a storm, actually readying to drop sails. The lucky ones get to pull anchor!

The sight is incredible, but one has to remember that sailing like this was not for the faint hearted, and many sailors would have been 'press ganged' into service. The 'Press Gang' would frequent drinking houses, selecting only the fittest of drunks for 'signing on the line'.

Scrumpy and The Marula Tree..

I am a huge fan of YouTube, and spend a reasonable amount of time typing in searches on all kinds of topics. It is amazing what can be found there. Just recently, a video has appeared showing African animals suffering intoxication as a direct result of consuming fallen, rotting fruit of the Marula tree.

It is true that a few animals do like the fruit, but most prefer it fresh. The leaves and bark have medicinal properties, and the skin of the fruit can be made into a coffee like drink. The pulp of the fruit contains way more vitamin C than all other more well known fruits, and the kernels inside release oil which is a good skin treatment.

People living in England's West Country and South West will be well acquainted with the alcoholic drink known as cider. Cider is the processed fluid extracted from apples. It is cleaned up, filtered, and has an appealing golden color. Scrumpy, on the other hand, is the raw product, straight from pressed, fermenting apples. The really strong varieties can knock out even a well seasoned drinker.

So, can animals get drunk eating rotting Marula fruit? The video, made back in 1974, would suggest that they can, but think about it. Eating rotten fruit is more likely to cause stomach upset, which will in turn cause the digestive system to reject it. One would have to consume a fair amount and hold it before fermentation and ensuing drunkeness would follow. Clearly, this would not happen, and in the case of elephants who actually prefer the fruit fresh from the trees, the amount of water also consumed by them would dilute the alcohol content to the point where it would have zero effect.

In the same way as rotting apples are used for Scrumpy and cider, rotting white grapes are used in the production of Sauternes wine. The vineyards call it the 'noble rot' which sounds better. I doubt that anybody eating rotten grapes has ever suffered drunkeness before having to use 'bathroom' facilities.

It would appear that the 'funny' video clip was in fact a staged event, and would not be allowed these days.

I can see that I have your mouths watering for a glass o' scrumpy, so here is a traditional Devon recipe.

Ingredients:

• 12 pounds apples
• 1/2 pound raisins
• 1/2 pound raw meat
• 1 gallon water at 70 degrees
• champagne yeast (tradition calls for bakers yeast)

Preparation:

1. Chop and grind the apples and raisins. These days a food processor will do the trick
2. Use a brewing barrel with an airlock
3. Put the ground apples and raisins into the water with the chopped meat.
4. Stir thoroughly
5. Add the yeast and seal the brewing barrel with the airlock.
6. Everyday swirl the barrel to stir the ingredients.
7. After the first fermentation slows, about 8-10 days, move to a similar vessal for seconary fermentation. If you like a dry cider, add a second dose of yeast to the secondary fermentation.
8. Seal with an airlock.
9. Let it sit until it the fermentation slows to a very slow, almost imperceptible bubble.
10. Move to a carboy to let the heavier particles settle out.
11. Let it sit for about a week and bottle.

The scrumpy should be left to mature for at least four months, and if left for a year will mellow out quite nicely.

One glass and the world seems a better place, two glasses and you probably do not remember.

High Speed Food?

The idea is that you order your food using the 'touchscreen', pay with a 'pre-paid' plastic card, and then sit and wait for your meal to negotiate the 'helter skelter'.

It would be interesting to see how this system copes with an order for a glass of iced water and slice of lemon!!

A National Icon? Almost..

Anybody travelling the highways of Spain will have seen one of these. It is a very large billboard advert for Grupo Osborne, wine and spirits producer. It has no wording on it because a law was passed some years ago banning roadside advertising, and the lettering was painted out. Later, there was a move to take all of them down, but after a 'spirited' campaign by the Osborne company where over 70% of people asked thought that they were a national icon, it was decided to leave them standing. They are the largest bulls anywhere, standing a little over 40' tall.

If over 70% said yes, that would indicate over 20% saying no. Most of the 20% and more live in the Cataluña region, where it has become the target of separatist groups.

The Result Of An Excrutiatingly Bad Hair Day..

Questions For Creationists..

.. from a somewhat bemused resident of the North American continent.

When Noah and his wife visited Canada to pick up a male and female of each resident animal, the task was made easy in some instances because a male Moose, for example, has a large set of antlers and the female doesn't.

Skunks are a whole different ballpark, and one has to be brave to take on the job of 'sexing' one of these critters. Also, when he was dropping them back off after the great flood subsided, would it have been possible to have inadvertently mixed the country codes on the tags or inventory listing. Should Canada have gotten the Kangaroos, and Australia the Skunks maybe? What safeguards were in place, if any at all?

If the voyage to pick up all animals was a long one, how did he cope with the inevitable Moose rut? Nobody in their right mind gets within a mile or more of a male Moose intent on 'rutting'. And just one more question for now. How did he or his wife stop the beavers from eating their way out through the hull of the ark?

Trains and Records..

TGV V150 of the SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer), France's national railway system, has set a new record of 357.4 mph on track between Paris and Strasbourg. The engine was uprated to 25000 hp, and larger wheels were fitted for the attempt. It was hoped that the record set by a Japanese MagLev train of 361 mph could have been equalled or broken, but unfortunately fell just short of the target. Unfortunate it may have been, but when one considers that it was running on rails, and picking up off of an overhead Catenary wire, overcoming all of the friction induced by the rails, wire and air, it was a huge achievement. The French are not new to rail speed records, having first set the record back in the '60's for electric locomotives on specially prepared track between Paris and Lille. Germany, Britain, Italy, Spain and Japan all have their own high speed railway networks, proving that there is still life in the railroad.

There is a speed record which has never been broken, that of a steam hauled train. On July 3rd, 1938, the London North Eastern Railway LNER 4468 Mallard, designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, set a record of 126 mph. Notice that the front end design has not changed too much!

One more record that deserves a mention is that of the 'Rocket', designed by George Stephenson. In the year 1829, there was a competition for all railway locomotive builders. It was called the Rainhill Trials, and was sponsored by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Rocket was the only locomotive to complete the trials successfully, weighing just less than 6 tons while pulling a 20 ton load at a speed of 10 mph. It became the railway locomotive to haul the very first passenger service.

A Restaurant for the Brave..

Hilton have opened a new restaurant called 'Ithaa'. I know what you are thinking, because the very same thought passed through my mind too. 'Who cares'? Unless it is within easy driving distance, I don't go there, and this one most definitely isn't just down the road from me. It is at the Hilton Maldives Resort & Spa, Rangali Island in the Maldives.

Of course, distance is not the only barrier. This is no 'tuxedo and bow tie' establishment or, for that matter, casual dress. This is 'scuba gear and flippers' dress if you ask me. The restaurant is 16 feet below sea level, access gained by a spiral staircase. If you don't kill yourself just getting into it, your waiter or waitress could while trying to get the various courses to you.

They say that the menu is typical of high class city 'joints', but that the view will probably take your mind off of the food anyway. Excuse me? It would take more than a few fish and a five star menu to take my mind off looking for leaks.

This restaurant is reputed to have cost $5 million, and it only seats 14 at any one time! Somebody should have told them that it would be possible and cheaper to build a 14 seat diner on land, place four underwater cameras in a small glass bubble, and transmit the pictures to large plasma screens affixed to all of the walls.

The most visited..

This is the 7300 ton, 18038 piece, most recognized and visited landmark in the world. It is, of course, La Tour Eiffel, Paris, France, except that it was so very nearly not Paris. Eiffel, the designer, had plans to construct it as part of the 'Universal Exposition' held in Barcelona, Spain in 1888. It was refused by the Spanish, so it was decided to construct it as part of the Centennial celebrations of the French revolution, 1889.

Regarded by many at the time as an eyesore, it had a permit to stand for only 20 years, but this was extended for one reason after another, and as a result is still with us today. It would be difficult to imagine Paris without it.

Question: How does one follow an act like this for the bi-centennial celebration of 1989. Try a 71 foot high steel and glass pyramid in front of the world's most visited art gallery.

It is now an integral part of the entrance to la Louvre, and there are no plans to demolish it. Not surprizingly, it was regarded as an eyesore by many Parisiens and others, and even though it is a very different style to the majestic building in front of which it stands, one has to admire the City of Paris for once again pushing the boundaries of good taste beyond the sensible, and still getting away with producing yet another of the worlds most visited structures.

So, what was the City of Paris 'Arcane Structures Department' doing in the interim? In 1971, construction was begun on the Centre Georges Pompidou. It was to become the home of the Bibliothèque publique d'information, a vast public library, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Some 6 years later, it was declared finished.

Oh, mais non! Where are the outside walls? Some Parisiens were not exactly enthused by the fact that the 'plumbing' and metal structuring was left exposed. Not only were they exposed, they were also painted in bright colors that differentiated water, electricity, air conditioning, elevators, and ventilation shafts. The effect, however, produced a totally uncluttered interior, and is a classic case of the means justifying the end.

It has been accepted now, and is yet one more Parisien landmark that attracts huge numbers of visitors yearly. La Place Georges Pompidou, the area seen in front of the building, is the stage for street performers such as mime artistes and jugglers.

A message to the Rest of the World..

The English and French fought for centuries. It was a point of pride with both nations, bold French Knights pitted against scruffy yet highly effective English (Welsh) archers. Where the French went, the English were sure to follow, if only to upstage the French, proving that they were more ruthless.


Then one day they sat down together and produced this. It all seemed so heady in the concept and early design stages. Sometimes, the TV news would show huge pieces of airplane being carted around the English and French countryside. All of the parts arrived in Britain for assembly at Filton.

We watched Brian Trubshaw, BAC test pilot extraordinaire take her up for the first flight. Absolutely magnificent. For 30 years, aviation enthusiasts were enthralled by this white supersonic arrow. It left the most distinctive vapor trail of any passenger airliner, and you knew it was Concorde because no other passenger jet ever crossed the sky so fast.

Of course the noise of its four Bristol Siddeley Olympus jet engines were not so welcome, especially if you lived under the flight path near any of the airports that it graced, but you can't take away the achievement. Regardless of what follows Concorde in the future, this bird will always have been the very first.

This diagram shows the breakdown of who made what. A tribute indeed to two nations that had the longest tradition of war against each other. It is amazing what can be done when people and nations choose collaboration over killing.

Seven Wonders..

These are the three pyramids of Giza. They are the only items left from the original seven wonders of the world. They have been around for so long, nobody can work out how they were made. We still are in awe of them. So now somebody has decided that we need seven wonders that we can still see rather than just artists impressions, but get this, the Giza pyramids have to compete for a place in the list. Can you believe that the pyramids could get ousted by the Statue of Liberty (French, by the way), the Eiffel Tower or some other 19th century relic?

What are these people thinking? The pyramids are beating time almost. The sheer size, complexity of passages and wall paintings, and the mathematically correct proportions surely make the pyramids a certainty in any seven wonders listing, new or old.

Well, I have a contender. I give you Battersea Power Station, South London, England.

The Spanish scene..

There are periods in it's history that are as illustrious as any other, and there are times when one can only sit and ponder why people can be so cruel. The geography is absolutely unique, and much of it still retains old world charm. The northern part has more than a little in common with France while still retaining the Spanish look and feel, and the south embodies a great amount of Moorish culture, seen especially in the architecture.

In today's Spain, the people are friendly, the food is excellent, the weather is fantastic, and the pace of life is 'laid back'. Some of the country's coastal areas have been spoiled by excessive and rapid development, but the Spanish authorities are begininng to stop it in an attempt to save the country as a whole. For quality of life, it has to be one of the best places to live, if not the best.

Y viva España..

A Spanish Scene - Part Three.. Flamenco

Having escaped injury in the bull run, and watched a bull fought artistically while eating sugar coated almonds, what better than a quick drive into the heart of Andalucia for some paella, bread and alioli, and traditional southern Spanish song and dance.

Flamenco has changed over the years, picking up from Latin American and other influences along the way. The dance starts slowly, and speeds up as the dancer injects more feeling. The moves are many and follow a strict pattern, all artistic in their way.

Modern flamenco dancers still adhere to the artistic, but now inject their own temperament into the dance, which makes for a more fluid and fast performance.

Music for the dance is provided by one or more Flamenco guitars and, very often, words accompany the music. There is a considerable amount of Moorish culture in Spain, and I say this now because the songs are nothing like what is heard across the rest of Western Europe. One can hear the Eastern influence quite clearly.

A Spanish Scene - Part Two.. La Corrida

The Bullfight as a type of entertainment did not start in Spain. Many hundreds of years ago, Romans, Greeks and others from around the north eastern shores of the Mediterranean were watching men put there skills against wild animals as a source of amusement. Of course, we like to see ourselves as more civilized, and for the most part, society has banned such events. They are now relegated to disused warehouses where bloodthirsty gamblers bet on either a dog, cockerel, or whatever animal they can get to fight.

There was a time when horse mounted Bull fighters were the only ones in the ring, but King Felippe V banned the aristocrats from taking part in such sports on the premise that it was just not right for people of breeding and culture. The common man could not afford a horse, which is why the Matador now fights the bull on foot.

OK, back to the Bullfight. It works like this. The bull enters the ring and is baited, lanced and generally worn down a little by the Picadors. Then the Matadors underlings, the Toreros, further bait the bull, while the Matador gets a feel for the bull's general health and temper. In the last few minutes, the Matador enters the arena, does some artistic moves, finally thrusting a sword in between the bulls shoulder blades. The bull dies.

In the meantime, the audience has had great fun cheering on the brave men. Tourists from outside of Spain always appear to cheer the bull, a practice every bit as dangerous as being in the arena facing a bull. Copious amounts of sugar coated almonds are traditionally eaten by locals and tourists alike, and are sold in the same manner as ice cream in a movie theatre.

Time for 'curtain up' on the final scene.

Just one more thing. While you were buying leather products to take home from your vacation in Spain or Mexico, did you ever once wonder why there were so many stores selling leather stuff, and from where the leather originated? With 24,000 or so bulls appearing in Plaza de Toro's across Spain every year, there is a very good chance that a good few watched the bull die, from which your wallet, handbag or simple cigarette lighter pouch was made.

Sleep well..

A Spanish Scene - Part One.. Pamplona

Bull running is a highly dangerous 'sport', where participants regularly end up on the end of a horn. As with any sport involving bulls, one has to wonder whether it is brave to take part, or just plain dumb. Anyway, here is a picture of 'Rush hour', Pamplona style.

One can presently book a vacation to a Bull Run, and if this is how you see yourself having fun, do it soon, because the EU bureaucrats are trying to outlaw it.